Direct illumination calibration of telescopes at the quantum precision limit

Direct Limit of Krasner (m, n)-Hyperrings

The purpose of this paper is the study of direct limits in category of Krasner (m, n)-hyperrings. In this regards we introduce and study direct limit of a direct system in category (m, n)-hyperrings. Also, we consider fundamental relation , as the smallest equivalence relation on an (m, n)-hyperring R such that the quotient space is an (m, n)-ring, to introdu...

Electronic refrigeration at the quantum limit.

We demonstrate quantum-limited electronic refrigeration of a metallic island in a low-temperature microcircuit. We show that matching the impedance of the circuit enables refrigeration at a distance, of about 50 microm in our case, through superconducting leads with a cooling power determined by the quantum of thermal conductance. In a reference sample with a mismatched circuit this effect is a...

Generalized Baer-Invariant of a Pair of Groups and the Direct Limit

In this paper we introduce the concept of generalized Baer-invariant of a pair of groups with respect to two varieties ? and ? of groups. We give some inequalities for the generalized Baer-invariant of a pair of finite groups, when ? is considered to be the Schur-Baer variety. Further, we present a sufficient condition under which the order of the generalized Baer-invariant of a pair of finite ...

THE DIRECT AND THE INVERSE LIMIT OF HYPERSTRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH FUZZY SETS OF TYPE 2

In this paper we study two important concepts, i.e. the direct andthe inverse limit of hyperstructures associated with fuzzy sets of type 2, andshow that the direct and the inverse limit of hyperstructures associated withfuzzy sets of type 2 are also hyperstructures associated with fuzzy sets of type 2.

Multiband imaging at the diffraction limit using Fresnel x-ray telescopes